Author: femjs

This poster explains the role of stationary oceanic Rossby waves (SRWs) in carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean. The Southern Ocean accounts for nearly 40% of global oceanic anthropogenic carbon uptake per year, yet the mechanisms transporting carbon to the interior ocean remain not well known. Planetary Rossby waves are large-scale waves driven by conservation of potential vorticity as fluid moves across latitudes, shaped by the planet’s rotation and varying Coriolis effect. SRWs are generated by interactions between the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and topography. Because the ACC continuously flows over the same topographic features, the Rossby wave response is constantly reinforced, making them stationary. Presenting recent findings, we highlight how SRW-induced processes dominate small-scale vertical transport. This can account for a significant portion of total carbon uptake. These insights show the need for high-resolution models to accurately capture SRW dynamics and their impact on carbon capture.

This poster looks at the effect of winds on the circulation of oceans with a boundary. It explains upwelling systems with a focus on the Benguela upwelling system in southern Africa. The winds in this area move surface water away from the coast and this causes deeper water to rise. This water is cold and nutrient rich and can be measured using satellites, which can detect the cold sea surface temperatures and nutrients through increased chlorophyll concentrations. This increased biological activity is a major economical factor for surrounding countries. The poster also describes further effects of this upwelling system on the ocean, biological activity and the atmosphere.

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is a large-scale ocean circulation in the Atlantic. It brings warm and salty surface water from the tropics northward, where it becomes cold and dense, and then sinks. The cold deep water is then transported back toward the tropics.
The current can be measured using moorings, and with a mooring array, the volume transport can be calculated. In models, a weakened AMOC can be simulated by adding freshwater to the North Atlantic. Comparing models with and without a reduced AMOC can be used to study potential consequences if the AMOC becomes weakened. The AMOC transports heat from the equator to higher latitudes, keeping Europe warmer than it otherwise would be. Global warming could weaken the AMOC and affect the climate in Europe and worldwide.

Icebergs are chunks of ice, which break off from marine terminating glaciers. They mostly stem from the Greenlandic and Antarctic Ice Sheets but can also be found in other areas in polar regions. They are a crucial feature of our oceans, since some major shipping tracks cross paths of larger icebergs. This poster looks at the shapes of icebergs and melt processes depending on the properties of the surrounding water.

In general icebergs have different shapes and can be separated into tabular (like a flat sheet) and non-tabular (other types of structures) icebergs. They also come in different sizes, with the smallest being 5 m tall and 15 m wide and the largest being 3900 km², which is larger than the Spanish island of Mallorca. The icebergs melt due to multiple processes. These are surface melting due to solar radiation and wind, wave erosion on the side, convective melting at the submarine sides and basal melting at the bottom. These processes create different freshwater plumes depending on the background flow strength.

Coastal polynyas are persistent open-water areas surrounded by sea ice, predominantly found along the Antarctic coast. These polynyas form primarily due to strong offshore katabatic winds that continuously remove newly formed sea ice, exposing ocean water to extremely cold atmospheric conditions. Such rapid and continuous ice formation leads to significant brine rejection, a process where salt is expelled from freezing seawater, increasing the salinity and density of the water below. This denser water mass is termed Dense Shelf Water (DSW) and sinks (cascades) down the continental slope, directly contributing to the formation of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). AABW is the densest and coldest water mass circulating in the global ocean. Using the Weddell Sea as a key example, this poster explores the essential role of Antarctic coastal polynyas as critical ice-production sites and their significant impact on deep ocean circulation.

Arctic sea-ice leads, gaps in the sea-ice cover, serve as critical windows for energy and mass exchange between the ocean and atmosphere. While typically small in area, these openings dominate wintertime heat fluxes and influence cloud formation, new ice growth, and seasonal melt patterns. This poster presents a summary of recent research on the formation, climatic impact, satellite detection, and model representation of Arctic sea-ice leads.

Field and satellite observations show that turbulent heat fluxes over leads can be up to 100 times greater than over adjacent sea ice. Lead activity varies regionally and seasonally and plays a measurable role in sea-ice dynamics. By accounting for the intensified energy exchange through leads, climate models achieve better agreement with observed Arctic surface temperatures and ice thickness patterns. Increased lead formation in winter and spring is strongly associated with increased summer sea-ice loss, underscoring the role of leads in seasonal Arctic ice dynamics. As global warming drives Arctic sea-ice retreat and thinning, accurately detecting and representing leads remains essential for understanding polar feedback mechanisms and forecasting Arctic climate evolution.

Fram Strait, located between Svalbard and Greenland, is dominated by two major currents: The West Spitsbergen Current brings saline and warm Atlantic water northwards, and the East Greenland Current brings fresh and cold Arctic water southwards. These mesoscale variabilities in temperature and salinity cause significant fluctuations within the water layers in Fram Strait. It is challenging to measure salinity and temperature in this area because of the presence of sea ice and depth-range limitations of in-situ measurements, making it challenging to create accurate ocean models.

This poster shows how ocean acoustics can be used to improve temperature estimates. The sound speed of acoustic waves, which can travel hundreds of kilometers, depends on temperature and salinity. The propagation and travel times of acoustic rays can be computed using ray tracing. The travel times of these acoustic waves can then be processed to provide large-scale temperature maps. Acoustic data from two experiments has been processed and is presented showing temperature maps in Fram Strait over distances of hundreds of kilometers. The first experiment shows that temperature errors are about 20m^oC. In the second experiment data assimilation was used to integrate the temperature measurements into a regional ocean circulation model, giving improved ocean temperature estimates. This shows that acoustic data can be used to improve temperature estimates in ocean models and thereby contribute to a better understanding of climate changes in Fram Strait.

The Arctic Ocean, though the smallest of the world’s oceans, plays a crucial role in regulating global ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles through its currents and water masses. Nitrogen is the key element responsible for limiting phytoplankton growth and annual primary production in the Arctic Ocean. Climate-induced reductions in sea ice extent and volume are altering the growth conditions for marine phytoplankton, with consequences for the Arctic marine ecosystem.

Obtaining high quality data in this region is challenging and autonomous instruments have become essential tools for long-term and continuous monitoring. The Submersible Ultraviolet Nitrate Analyser (SUNA) can measure chemical-free nitrate in fresh, brackish and salt water and is based on In-Situ Ultraviolet Spectroscopy. However, in natural waters, the conditions for SUNA to measure nitrate can be challenging, reducing its accuracy and precision. Nevertheless, with post-processing algorithms and routines it is possible to obtain high quality datasets. SUNA nitrate measurements can thus contribute to the understanding of future changes in the Arctic Ocean and their global implications.

The Greenland Sea has undergone a fundamental transformation over the past several decades - from a major site of deep-water formation to a stratified basin with more shallow convection. Historically, wintertime convection in the region, driven by brine rejection during sea-ice formation, enabled dense surface waters to sink and drive vertical deep ocean mixing. This process plays a key role in supporting the lower branch of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC).

However, recent research on the Greenland Sea reveals a marked decline in deep convection over time. Increasing freshwater input from sea-ice melt and Arctic outflow has enhanced upper-ocean stratification, reducing surface density and limiting vertical mixing. This has shifted the stratification from a haline-controlled (β-ocean) to thermally controlled (α-ocean), with a clear shift identified around 1998. Since then, only intermediate water formation has been observed, and the thermobaric mechanism for deep convection has been effectively shut down. This shift has large consequences. Reduced formation of dense water in the Greenland Sea could weaken the lower branch of the AMOC, with potential impacts on global heat distribution, carbon uptake, and regional climate. The future evolution of the Greenland Sea—and feedbacks from changes in sea ice cover, freshwater fluxes, and atmospheric forcing—will be crucial in determining whether deep convection can resume or whether stratification will intensify and further weaken the AMOC.

The Arctic is currently undergoing fundamental changes that are gradually dissolving its unique polar character. Significant features of global climate change in recent decades are the main reasons for sea-ice decline and the warming of the Arctic atmosphere and ocean. These changes have far-reaching climatological consequences. A central process of this upheaval is the so-called "Atlantification", characterized by the increasing inflow of warmer and saltier Atlantic Water (AW). Atlantification manifests physically as a weakening of the cold halocline layer and a shoaling (upward shift) of the AW layer, enhancing vertical mixing and the upward heat flux from the AW to the surface. This enhanced oceanic heat release has become a major contributor to the observed rapid loss of sea ice in the eastern Eurasian Basin.

The resulting reduction in winter sea ice formation is significant but this ongoing physical reorganization also drives profound ecological changes, often referred to as Borealization. Boreal species such as Atlantic cod, capelin, and herring are expanding northward, while Arctic species like polar cod are declining. The loss of sea ice habitat also impacts associated organisms, and a related shoaling of the nutricline increases nutrient availability in the upper ocean with possible consequences for primary production. Atlantification thus represents an essential step towards a new Arctic climate state with major implications for both physical climate feedbacks and the marine ecosystem structure.

Particulate matter pollution remains an invisible but serious threat to urban health, particularly in cities influenced by heavy traffic, wood burning, and restrictive topography. This project maps air quality across Bergen’s city center using portable sensors, aiming to identify hidden pollution hotspots and understand contributing factors. Findings show that while central areas such as Festplassen, the bus station, and Danmarksplass exhibit higher particulate concentrations during stable weather conditions, Bergen’s overall air quality remains relatively low compared to, for example, Oslo, and significantly better than cities in regions like South Asia. These results highlight the importance of localized, real-world air quality measurements to support healthier and more sustainable urban environments.

This study aims to analyze how varying topographies along Ulriken in Bergen affect wind speed and direction. Three locations, from the bottom to the top of the mountain, were selected to represent different topographical conditions; ranging from areas with minimal terrain friction to those near buildings and trees, which reduce exposure and increase friction. Wind data was collected over three weeks using anemometers provided by GFI-Bergen. The results indicate significant variations in wind speed and direction, with higher and more consistent winds recorded at the top, and slower, more turbulent winds near the bottom of the mountain.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether temperature varies across different districts of Bergen, and if so, to what extent and due to which factors. Many cities in Europe struggle with the accumulation of trapped heat resulting from vehicular traffic and human activity; consequently, temperatures may differ within a city and cause damage to infrastructure. To facilitate this study, a manual measurement approach was employed in the form of surveys. A total of four surveys were conducted across areas characterized as dense, wide, green, and exposed to vehicular traffic, with varying levels of sunlight exposure.

These surveys provided a clear picture of temperature tendencies in specific locations and demonstrated that temperature variations are not constant but may depend on several factors, such as the overall ambient temperature. In these surveys, the recorded maximum temperature variations ranged from 2.1°C to 3.0°C, although most fluctuations in temperature trends did not exceed 0.5°C. Regardless of whether the general temperature trend was positive or negative, small variations were observed whenever a location transitioned from shaded to sunlit conditions or vice versa. In one instance, moving from a dense urban area to a wide, green area with significant tree coverage resulted in a temperature decrease of approximately 1.0°C.

The study's quantitative, descriptive approach shows that temperature variations within Bergen are moderate, and that the main contributing factors to these variations are exposure to sunlight, street width, and the amount of vegetation present in an area.

Fjord basins are increasingly at risk of climate-induced deoxygenation. The cyclical processes within fjords can take decades, creating stagnant, oxygendepleted masses of water. Studies reveal Norwegian fjords are particularly vulnerable to decreased oxygen-rich intrusions due to the warming of North Atlantic Waters (NAW) by 1 °C (Aksnes, 2019). Defined as the shallow seafloor of a fjord inlet, sills drive circulatory processes. Circulation over the sill is accredited as the primary driver of oxygenation in Norwegian fjords (Johnsen, 2024). This study investigates the effect of sill sizes through standardized CTD measurements: dissolved oxygen, temperature, depth, salinity, photosynthetically available radiation, and chlorophyll. Of the six fjords analyzed, the four with a single inlet provided evidence indicating larger sills decreased circulation in the fjord basins, thereby increasing deoxygenation. Low oxygen levels, (=< 4 mg/L) occurred at higher depths behind shallower sills, further exemplified by a graph and trendline; R^2 = 0.8936. Many ecological issues arise at least in part due to oxygen loss, such as algal blooms, decreased biodiversity, and habitat stratification. Further research could explore how freshwater intrusion and anthropogenic solutions could alleviate these stressors.

This study analyzes how the topography of Bergensdalen, a U-shaped valley in Bergen, influences local wind conditions over a three-week period in March 2025. Wind speed and direction were measured using anemometers and wind vanes placed at five different locations. The data were then visualized using wind roses and graphs. The results show clear differences in wind conditions at different locations, due to the influence by the surrounding mountains. The main findings shows that wind speed increases with higher altitudes, while at lower altitudes the wind speed reduces due to topographical effects and friction. The main wind direction was from the southwest, although it was partly blocked by the mountains.

Our project investigates the link between wind variability and variations in salinity and temperature in Store Lungegårdsvann, a bay connected to the Puddefjorden at Bergen. Over a three-week period, data were collected using CTD Seabird SBE37, SBE56 sensors, and a HOBO MX2302A for air temperature and humidity. Meteorological data, such as wind speed and direction, were retrieved from external sources. The study focuses on a four-day period, from March 6 to 10 2025, during which significant fluctuations in salinity and temperature were noted. The results indicate a significant correlation between salinity and water temperature, suggesting that wind-induced mixing plays an important role in fjord dynamics. Wind direction has an impact on salinity, with onshore winds increasing salinity and offshore winds decreasing it. The transition from stable to unstable periods is explained by a significant change in air and water temperature, leading to mixing in the water column. This study highlights the importance of integrating wind measurements when analyzing surface variability in fjord environments.

Orographic precipitation, driven by the forced ascent of moist air over mountainous terrain, plays a major role in shaping regional climates. Bergen, Norway, located between the North Sea to the west and steep mountains to the east, is known for its consistently high rainfall.

In this study, we investigated how the mountainous terrain surrounding Bergen modulates rainfall intensity and distribution. Precipitation measurements were collected along a west-to-east transect from Sotra to Trengereid, using seven HOBO rain gauges. Wind measurements were conducted at Sotra using a Wind logger, to monitor wind directions during the study period.

Our cumulative results identified two distinct rainy periods, from March 5–10 and March 23–30, 2025. Analysis indicated a clear precipitation gradient, with rainfall increasing by approximately 73% from the west coast inland toward Trengereid. During these events, prevailing winds were predominantly southerly to south-easterly.

The results show the connection between the moist air from the sea being forced over the mountainous terrain and the precipitation levels in the area. These results not only help explain Bergen’s famously wet climate, but also provide insights into broader patterns affecting coastal mountainous regions worldwide.

This study investigates the effects of elevation on air temperature and relative humidity in Bergen, Norway. The primary hypothesis is that temperature decreases and relative humidity increases with altitude, in accordance with the atmospheric lapse rate. Data was collected between February 28 and March 29, 2025, using three Tinytag loggers and an Automatic Weather Station positioned at four elevations ranging from 15 to 600 meters above sea level. The collected data included temperature, relative humidity and dew point. Linear regression and a statistical test were used to analyze the data. The results show a clear decrease in temperature with increasing elevation, supporting the lapse rate theory. The trend in relative humidity was less consistent, and the results did not support the hypothesis. However statistical analysis suggests that the observed variations are likely due to random factors rather than a true effect of elevation. This means the hypothesis cannot be dismissed without further testing. Local topography and environmental factors, such as vegetation and terrain, are identified as possible influences on the data. Overall, the study confirms a negative correlation between temperature and elevation, while the relative humidity is more complicated. This research provides valuable insights into vertical atmospheric gradients, contributing to a better understanding of how local environmental factors affect temperature and humidity profiles.